RESUMO
Admiral Lord Horatio Nelson is perhaps the most renowned naval commander, who allowed Britain to have dominion over the sea for 100 years after his victory at the Battle of Trafalgar. He was able to do so despite suffering from a multitude of communicable diseases and traumatic injuries, including the functional loss of his right eye, amputation of his right arm, scalp laceration, head injury, and finally a spinal injury. These injuries had permanent consequences but did not stop him from leading the charge and allowing the British to defeat the French and Spanish fleets in the decisive Battle of Trafalgar.
Assuntos
Conflitos Armados/história , Medicina Naval/história , Traumatismos do Braço/história , Traumatismos Craniocerebrais/história , Traumatismos Oculares/história , Pessoas Famosas , Cirurgia Geral/história , História do Século XVIII , Humanos , Masculino , Ferimentos por Arma de FogoRESUMO
No disponible
Assuntos
Humanos , História Antiga , Traumatismos Oculares/história , Medicina na Literatura/história , Poesia como Assunto/história , Órbita/lesõesRESUMO
PURPOSE: To describe the history of eye injuries and the consequent evolution of eye protection. METHODS: A comprehensive search of Medline and the grey literature using the terms 'ocular trauma' and 'eye protection' or 'injury prevention' and 'history'. References were used to identify other relevant publications. Publications were classified according to the setting of eye injury: occupational, recreational or combat-related. RESULTS: Eye protection has been described in a wide range of sources, including in literature and art. With advances in eye protection material and design, as well as government and societal promotion of appropriate eye protection usage in the workplace, the epidemiology of ocular trauma has changed over time. In developed countries, the use of eye protection in the workplace has reduced the proportion of occupation-related eye injuries over the last century, with a higher proportion occurring during sports or at home. New protection devices and policies have evolved to meet this change. CONCLUSION: Vision loss has broad implications for the individual and for society and despite available prevention strategies, ocular trauma is a significant cause of preventable monocular and bilateral vision loss. The use of appropriate eye protection has reduced the burden of ocular trauma. History provides lessons for informing current eye protection and eye injury prevention strategies.
Assuntos
Traumatismos Oculares/história , Dispositivos de Proteção dos Olhos/história , Oftalmologia/história , Traumatismos Oculares/prevenção & controle , História do Século XVI , História do Século XVII , História do Século XVIII , História do Século XIX , História do Século XX , História do Século XXIRESUMO
The human retina, as transducer of light energy, is especially exposed to light toxicity. Solar maculopathy has been the only form of photic maculopathy for millennia, often secondary to the observation of an eclipse. During the last century, technological advances have led to the appearance of new forms of photic maculopathy, related to the exposure to new forms of artificial light, such as welding devices and lasers. In recent years, the general use of laser pointers has led to an upturn in interest in this pathology. The aim of this review is to offer an integrated view of the different types of photic maculopathy. Due to the extension of this topic, the review is presented divided into two parts. In this first part solar maculopathy and welding arc maculopathy are presented.
Assuntos
Traumatismos Oculares/etiologia , Luz/efeitos adversos , Macula Lutea/efeitos da radiação , Lesões por Radiação/etiologia , Doenças Retinianas/etiologia , Luz Solar/efeitos adversos , Corticosteroides/uso terapêutico , Animais , Diagnóstico Diferencial , Técnicas de Diagnóstico Oftalmológico , Modelos Animais de Doenças , Surtos de Doenças , Olho/efeitos da radiação , Traumatismos Oculares/diagnóstico , Traumatismos Oculares/epidemiologia , Traumatismos Oculares/história , Dispositivos de Proteção dos Olhos , História do Século XX , História Antiga , Humanos , Macaca mulatta , Macula Lutea/patologia , Doenças Profissionais/diagnóstico , Doenças Profissionais/epidemiologia , Doenças Profissionais/etiologia , Doenças Profissionais/prevenção & controle , Prognóstico , Coelhos , Lesões por Radiação/diagnóstico , Lesões por Radiação/epidemiologia , Lesões por Radiação/história , Ratos , Doenças Retinianas/diagnóstico , Doenças Retinianas/epidemiologia , Doenças Retinianas/história , Atividade Solar , Soldagem/instrumentaçãoRESUMO
Today's safety eyewear can be so lightweight and comfortable that at times workers don't even notice they are wearing it once it's on.
Assuntos
Acidentes de Trabalho/história , Acidentes de Trabalho/prevenção & controle , Desenho de Equipamento/história , Traumatismos Oculares/história , Traumatismos Oculares/prevenção & controle , Dispositivos de Proteção dos Olhos/história , Dispositivos de Proteção dos Olhos/tendências , Exposição Ocupacional/história , Exposição Ocupacional/prevenção & controle , História do Século XX , História do Século XXI , HumanosRESUMO
No disponible
Assuntos
Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , História do Século XX , Dicloroetilenos/efeitos adversos , Traumatismos Oculares/induzido quimicamente , Traumatismos Oculares/complicações , Traumatismos Oculares/história , I Guerra Mundial , Intoxicação por Gás/complicações , Intoxicação por Gás/história , Gases/efeitos adversos , Hiperemia/induzido quimicamente , Hiperemia/complicações , Hiperemia/história , Estatísticas de Sequelas e Incapacidade , Oftalmopatias/induzido quimicamente , Oftalmopatias/históriaRESUMO
No disponible
Assuntos
Humanos , Masculino , História do Século XX , Guerra do Vietnã , Oftalmologia/história , Oftalmologia , Oftalmopatias/história , Oftalmopatias/prevenção & controle , Traumatismos Oculares/complicações , Traumatismos Oculares/história , Traumatismos Oculares/prevenção & controle , Dispositivos de Proteção dos Olhos/história , Dispositivos de Proteção dos Olhos/tendências , Dispositivos de Proteção dos Olhos , Corpos Estranhos/história , Corpos Estranhos/cirurgiaAssuntos
Substâncias para a Guerra Química/história , Traumatismos Oculares/história , Gás de Mostarda/história , I Guerra Mundial , Substâncias para a Guerra Química/efeitos adversos , Traumatismos Oculares/induzido quimicamente , Traumatismos Oculares/complicações , Traumatismos Oculares/terapia , História do Século XX , Humanos , Gás de Mostarda/efeitos adversosRESUMO
Among the health emergency of World War 1, the one relating to the visual organs injuries is one of the most serious. The use of weapons of new type (grenades, shells, shrapnel) that produce chips that are projected on faces, brings the number of soldiers eye injured to an already impressive quantity at the end of the first year of conflict. This emergency is completely unexpected and it is particularly serious because this kind of trauma was extremely disabling. This situation cause a reaction by French ophthalmologists who start working to improve the organization of assistance, to administer effective treatments and surgery, and even on some issues beyond the medical field (legislation, assistance for war blinds). This article presents the main issues that French ophthalmologists have had to confront with during the Great War and, through this, to question the impact of the First World War on the development of ophthalmology as a medical specialty.
Assuntos
Traumatismos Oculares/história , Medicina Militar/história , Oftalmologia/história , I Guerra Mundial , Ferimentos Penetrantes/história , França , História do Século XX , Humanos , MilitaresRESUMO
No disponible
Assuntos
Humanos , Oftalmologia/história , Traumatismos Oculares/história , Dissecação/históriaAssuntos
Traumatismos em Atletas/história , Concussão Encefálica/história , Traumatismos Oculares/história , Pessoas Famosas , Concussão Encefálica/etiologia , Concussão Encefálica/patologia , Traumatismos Oculares/patologia , França , História do Século XVI , Humanos , Espanha , Infecção dos Ferimentos/história , Infecção dos Ferimentos/patologiaAssuntos
Cegueira/história , Traumatismos Oculares/história , Pessoas Famosas , Medicina Militar/história , Militares/história , Amputação Cirúrgica , Traumatismos do Braço/etiologia , Traumatismos do Braço/cirurgia , Cegueira/etiologia , Traumatismos Oculares/complicações , História do Século XVIII , História do Século XIX , Humanos , Masculino , Reino Unido , GuerraRESUMO
Sulfur mustard (2,2'-dichlorodiethyl sulfide; SM) is a potent vesicating chemical warfare agent that poses a continuing threat to both military and civilian populations. Significant SM injuries can take several months to heal, necessitate lengthy hospitalizations, and result in long-term complications affecting the skin, eyes, and lungs. This report summarizes initial and ongoing (chronic) clinical findings from SM casualties from the Iran-Iraq War (1980-1988), with an emphasis on cutaneous injury. In addition, we describe the cutaneous manifestations and treatment of several men recently and accidentally exposed to SM in the United States. Common, chronic cutaneous problems being reported in the Iranian casualties include pruritis (the primary complaint), burning, pain, redness, desquamation, hyperpigmentation, hypopigmentation, erythematous papular rash, xerosis, multiple cherry angiomas, atrophy, dermal scarring, hypertrophy, and sensitivity to mechanical injury with recurrent blistering and ulceration. Chronic ocular problems include keratitis, photophobia, persistent tearing, sensation of foreign body, corneal thinning and ulceration, vasculitis of the cornea and conjunctiva, and limbal stem cell deficiency. Chronic pulmonary problems include decreases in lung function, bronchitis with hyper-reactive airways, bronchiolitis, bronchiectasis, stenosis of the trachea and other large airways, emphysema, pulmonary fibrosis, decreased total lung capacity, and increased incidences of lung cancer, pulmonary infections, and tuberculosis. There are currently no standardized or optimized methods of casualty management; current treatment strategy consists of symptomatic management and is designed to relieve symptoms, prevent infections, and promote healing. New strategies are needed to provide for optimal and rapid healing, with the goals of (a) returning damaged tissue to optimal appearance and normal function in the shortest period of time, and (b) ameliorating chronic effects. Further experimental research and clinical trials will be needed to prevent or mitigate the acute clinical effects of SM exposure and to reduce or eliminate the long-term manifestations.